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Hard lessons: learning from the Charlie Gard case

by Dominic Wilkinson and Julian Savulescu

 

On the 24th July 2017, the long-running, deeply tragic and emotionally fraught case of Charlie Gard reached its sad conclusion (Box 1). Following further medical assessment of the infant, Charlie’s parents and doctors finally reached agreement that continuing medical treatment was not in Charlie’s best interests. It is expected that life support will be withdrawn in the days ahead.

Over the course of multiple hearings at different levels of the court in both London and Strasbourg, the Charlie Gard case has raised a number of vexed ethical questions (Box 2). The important role of practical ethics in cases like this is to help clarify the key concepts, identify central ethical questions, separate them from questions of scientific fact and subject arguments to critical scrutiny. We have disagreed about the right course of action for Charlie Gard,1 2 but we agree on the key ethical principles as well as the role of ethical analysis and the importance of robust and informed debate. Ethics is not about personal opinion – but about argument, reasons, and rational reflection. While the lasting ramifications of the case for medical treatment decisions in children are yet to become apparent, we here outline some of the potential lessons.

1. Parents’ role in decision-making for children: We need to clarify harm

Much of the media attention to the Gard case has focussed on the rights of parents in decision-making for children, and whether the intervention of the courts in this case means that doctors frequently overrule parents in the UK. Yet cases of intractable disagreement like this are the exception rather than the rule. In the majority of cases in the UK, as elsewhere,5 parents and doctors reach decisions together through a process of shared decision-making. However, there have to be limits. Parents shouldn’t be allowed to make decisions that carry a significant risk of serious harm to a child. That includes refusing treatments of likely benefit for a child, or demanding treatments that impose a significant burden without benefit. The challenge, of course, and here there needs to be much more work, is in defining what constitutes a sufficient level or chance of harm to justify overruling parents.6 Charlie would potentially undergo some months of pain and discomfort from continued intensive care,1, however, the doctors at Great Ormond St felt for some time that his neurological damage was so great that he was “beyond experience”.7 If that were truly the case, it isn’t clear that acquiescing to parental request for treatment would actually constitute significant harm (though it would also, almost certainly mean that treatment would have no chance at all of securing the improvement they desired). We have both disagreed about whether this harm threshold was reached, and consequently whether Charlie’s parents’ request could be granted.1 2

2. Decisions for adults versus decisions for children: Allow adults to choose treatment for themselves even if suboptimal

While there has been intense debate about whether or not requested treatment should be provided to Charlie Gard, it is important not to extrapolate from this case to decisions about medical treatment in adults. The ethical and legal basis for decisions in competent (or formerly competent) adults is different from that in children. If Charlie had been a young adult who had made clear his wishes to be kept alive on a ventilator, and to receive experimental treatment (even if low chance of benefiting) then it should certainly have been provided.3 For public health systems it is important to manage fairly the limited healthcare resources we have. However, adult patients should be allowed to access cost-equivalent treatment alternatives, even if they would be inferior to the usually recommended standard of care.4

3. Experimental treatment: We should have a lower threshold, and allow earlier innovative treatment

Faced with certain death without treatment, Charlie’s parents sought, and found, an experimental treatment that could conceivably benefit him. This treatment hadn’t been tried in any prior patients with Charlie’s illness, and on that basis was rejected as offering no known benefit. However, this suggests a Catch-22: new treatments can only be tried if there is evidence from prior patients, but that evidence can only be acquired by trying it. Moreover, Charlie is only one of 4 patients in the world with this condition. Large trials could not be performed and animal models could not be developed in time to help Charlie.

Novel experimental treatments are sometimes tried first in patients with lesser forms of an illness, or in healthy patients. However, that approach is arguably mistaken as such patients have little to gain and may have much to lose.8 At least in some circumstances, novel treatments can only be tried on extremely sick patients first. Indeed, the ethical calculus is there potentially inverted: patients like Charlie arguably have everything to gain and nothing to lose.

There are three potential lessons here. First, that there should be a low threshold for allowing innovative therapies in patients who have exhausted all other conventional medical therapies and otherwise will die. Second, that experimental treatments should potentially be embarked upon without delay.9 In Charlie’s case, it is ironic that delayed decision-making means that he could have received nucleoside treatment months ago, and it would now be possible to assess if it had led to any improvement, or not. Third, there are of course limits to aggressively offering experimental treatment, particularly where side effects of treatment may make it highly likely not to be in the individual’s interests. Where the side effects are uncertain it may be better to allow a time-limited trial of the therapy with a plan to actively withdraw treatment if side effects are significant or if there is no benefit after a suitable period.

4. The role of resources: We need to talk about limited resources

Even if it weren’t harmful, treatment (whether experimental therapy or life support in intensive care) shouldn’t be provided if it is excessively costly and would mean denying other patients their slice of the limited health care pie. This issue of limited health care resources does not apply directly in the Gard case as Charlie’s parents had raised funds independently for him to travel to the US for treatment.1 2 It wasn’t considered by the court. The Gard decision should not be seen therefore, (contrary to the claims of some US politicians), as the decision of a single payer health system that is explicitly rationing treatment.

However, as noted by US paediatric intensivist Robert Truog, concern about finite health resources is legitimate even if parents or insurers pay for treatment.10 It is relevant even in the US (and perhaps especially in the US).11 Tertiary health care facilities, such as the ones that offered treatment to Charlie, are result of community investment in medical research, medical education and medical care. The community has a stake in how those facilities are used, and in ensuring that they are used wisely (ie with at least some plausible prospect of benefit).10

Furthermore, there is a deep resource-related paradox at the heart of this case, as in other cases of disputed, possibly futile treatment. While there is potential uncertainty about whether or not treatment would have been in Charlie’s best interests, there is no uncertainty about resources. Continued intensive care in this case, in the face of very low probability of improvement and high costs of treatment, represents an unreasonable and unfair use of limited health care resources. However, in an effort to adjudicate the difficult ethical question of the benefits and burdens of treatment for Charlie, treatment has been prolonged at public expense for months. In that time, it is virtually certain that some children have been denied transfer to the highly specialized intensive care unit at Great Ormond St Hospital because of lack of capacity. It is virtually certain that in that time some elective (but vital) surgery has had to be delayed. Because of concern for the wellbeing of other children needing the vital resource of the intensive care unit, it may have been better to allow the parents to take Charlie overseas months ago. Indeed, even if we accept that that would have been contrary to Charlie’s best interests, it may have been a lesser harm overall.

However, resources haven’t been part of the central ethical debate for Charlie – and that is fundamentally because there is no clear process for clinicians to make resource-based decisions about provision of intensive care for patients. There is no legal mechanism for courts to adjudicate on the issue of resources where there is a dispute.

5. The role of the courts: We need a fair, expedient way of resolving disputes

Parents cannot have a final say in medical decisions for children, but nor can doctors. Just as in every other area of life, where there is a dispute that cannot be resolved between two parties about an important issue, there needs to a fair and impartial process for arbitration. In the UK, as in most other countries, the court serves that role. However, the court process is not perfect. It is adversarial, and can potentially make the ideal solution (agreement between physicians and doctors) harder to achieve. It is costly. And it is potentially lengthy. In this case, the series of appeals has led to the worst of possible outcomes. Charlie Gard received months of intensive care that health professionals felt was contrary to his interests and doing more harm than good. But he didn’t receive the desired nucleoside treatment that his parents desired. Nobody has got the outcome that they wanted.

Is there an alternative? Because of the formidable epistemic and normative challenges in determining when treatment is futile,12 one solution in some jurisdictions has been to focus on developing a fair and legally supported due-process for decision-making.13 14 There are two key components to this process that could and arguably should be adapted in the UK for future disputes about treatment. The first is the establishment of a process of case review by an independent ethics review panel where physicians feel that continued treatment would be futile. That panel is able to reach decisions about withholding or withdrawing treatment without the lengthy process of adjudicating and appeal evident in the Gard case. Importantly, we suggest that it would be important for such a panel to include ethical expertise and to consider (where relevant) inviting ethical experts as well as medical experts to inform decisions. It would require a wide range of clinical and scientific opinion to get the facts clear but also to make clear the level of uncertainty about the facts. The second element is that families are able to secure desired treatment if they are able to identify alternative health care providers who are prepared and able to provide treatment. One limit to that may be the location of alternative providers.

6. Ethical decisions vs clinical decisions. Allow and support reasonable disagreement

Much of the debate in the courtroom in the Gard case has been around medical evidence and factual claims, particularly about the reversibility of brain damage and the scientific plausibility of the experimental treatment (Box 2). However, the decision in this case, and in other similar cases is not a “clinical decision”. It cannot be settled by questions of medical fact or scientific evidence alone.

Indeed, one of striking (though not unique) features of this case is the presence of divergent expert testimony, and disagreement between key witnesses on whether treatment could help Charlie and whether it should be provided.

In court cases, one approach to witnesses who disagree about key facts is to assess the credibility of witnesses and assign different weights to their testimony. Yet where the central question is value based and ethical, rather than scientific, consensus may be impossible. In those situations, dissensus may be just as important to note as consensus.15 Where there is reasonable disagreement between experts about medical treatment we should usually allow patients (or their surrogates) to decide. In the Charlie Gard case, there was just such disagreement, with experts in New York and Rome initially willing to provide the requested treatment. That provided a powerful (though not irrefutable) argument in favour of allowing continued intensive care and nucleoside treatment. One vexed question is whether the disagreement in this case represented ‘reasonable’ disagreement.16 Those offering treatment need to be able to provide clear and coherent reasons for doing so, to demonstrate understanding of the specific clinical circumstances, and to demonstrate willingness to revise their view in the face of changing facts.

7. Medical tourism: Allow families to travel unless illegal or significant harm

None of the medical experts in the UK who reviewed Charlie felt that the requested treatment would be in his best interests. However, experts in the US and Italy offered to provide treatment. If they are able to pay, why shouldn’t Charlie’s parents be free to travel to access a medical treatment option?

On the face of it, stopping patients from undertaking medical tourism appears to violate two important freedoms – the freedom to travel and the freedom to make decisions about medical treatment. There might be reasons for a country not to provide a particular treatment option – for example because it is unaffordable within a public healthcare system, or because doctors in that country do not approve of it, or lack experience or expertise in providing it. But usually patients should not be prevented from accessing treatment overseas.

However, particularly for children, there are a range of situations where it might be problematic for parents to travel to access controversial treatment.17 It isn’t acceptable for parents to bypass laws that are designed to protect children from harm by taking them out of the country (eg to obtain female circumcision).

Where treatment options are contentious, but not illegal (and perhaps experimental treatment falls into this category), decisions to allow travel may need to be considered on a case by case basis. On the one hand, health professionals should arguably respect reasonable disagreement. On the other, they have a professional and legal duty to report cases if they suspect that parents’ plans to take a child out of the country risks significant harm.

8. Challenging normative and conceptual issues: Need for further ethical analysis

The central question about providing desired treatment or withdrawing and allowing Charlie to die is irreducibly normative. Because of that, it is important to be clear about some of the key value questions and concepts at stake. For example, in the initial court ruling, Judge Francis referred to Charlie’s interest in maintaining his dignity, and the significance of allowing him to “die with dignity”. Yet it was not clear what independent ethical role dignity played in the ethical evaluation of treatment. Dignity is a deeply contested concept in medical ethics.18 19 There were clearly different views between parents and professionals about whether it would be consistent with Charlie’s dignity to continue intensive care.

Another fundamental issue is what counts as sufficient benefit to prolong life. The concept of a ‘Life-worth living’ is highly controversial– yet it remains at the heart of this case, and other cases.2 For adults, it is possible to rely to a degree on subjective accounts of wellbeing – since adults can report on their experience of pain or pleasure. It is also possible (in at least some cases) to draw on their evaluations of what is or would be a sufficient benefit to provide life-prolonging treatment. However, for young children, and others who are and have never been able to express their wishes or preferences, a subjective account is either meaningless, or misleading. The alternative: an objective account of a life worth living that is robust and clear enough to be applied to contested cases, and also respects reasonable disagreement about value and values. That alternative remains to be established.

9. Reflective Equilibrium, Reasons and Evidence: Need for Transparency and Humility

How should value judgements be made? Philosopher John Rawls described a process of reflective equilibrium. This involves developing principles (such as the best interests principle and those of distributive justice) and concepts (such as well-being and a life worth living), but crucially revising these in line with intuitions about specific cases, such as Charlie’s. This process is what judges engage in but judges, or doctors, are not necessarily or exclusively ethical experts.

Rawls described the qualities of people who should be engaged in reflective equilibrium. They should be knowledgeable about the relevant facts.  Importantly, they should be “reasonable”: (i) being willing to use inductive logic, (ii) being disposed to find reasons for and against a solution, (iii) having an open mind, (iv) making a conscientious effort to overcome his intellectual, emotional and moral prejudices.  Lastly, they are to have “sympathetic knowledge … of those human interests which, by conflicting in particular cases, give rise to the need to make a moral decision.”20

When a decision is arrived at, the decision together with its reasons and evidence needs to be made clear to those involved, and, in high profile public cases, to the public at large.

In decisions about life support for a critically ill child, those who have to make the decision, whether they are parents, health professionals or high court judges should aspire to the above qualities and engage in reflective equilibrium. However, perhaps the most distinctive feature of the Charlie Gard case is the way that this decision has been shared in real time with a massive national and international audience. Tens of thousands, perhaps hundreds of thousands of people have been reading, thinking, and venturing opinions on the core questions and value judgements at stake.

Given the emotional and intellectual involvement of so many people in this profound and profoundly difficult decision, it is salient to remember Rawl’s other key lesson about value judgements: participants in reflective equilibrium should display epistemic and normative humility, that is a calibrated confidence in their knowledge of empirical and moral truth.

As the sad case of Charlie Gard comes to a close, it is sobering but vital to step back from our own personal views on the case, and to remember that we can all get it wrong.

 

Box 1: Case summary 24 25 26

Charlie Gard was born at full term, apparently healthy, in August 2016. At a few weeks of age his parents noticed early signs of muscle weakness. By two months of age, he was admitted to Great Ormond St hospital with poor feeding, failure to thrive and respiratory failure. He was admitted to intensive care, where investigations led to diagnosis of a rare severe mitochondrial disorder – infantile onset encephalomyopathic mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome (MDDS).
The specific genetic form of MDDS in Charlie Gard (RRM2B) had previously been reported in approximately 15 infants, with typical clinical features including early onset, rapid progression and death in infancy.21 By that point, he was paralysed and unable to breathe without respiratory support. He was found to have congenital deafness, and his heart, liver and kidneys were affected by the disorder. Doctors felt that Charlie’s prognosis was extremely poor.
In early 2017, Charlie’s parents identified an experimental treatment, previously used in a different form of MDDS, which they hoped might benefit Charlie. In mouse models of a myopathic form of MDDS (TK2), early supplementation with deoxypryrimidine nucleosides apparently bypasses the genetic defect and leads to reduction in the biochemical defect and severity of clinical phenotype.22 23 Doctors at GOSH initially planned to use nucleoside treatment in Charlie, however, in January he developed evidence of electrical seizures, and clinicians became convinced that treatment, both continued intensive care and the requested nucleoside therapy would be futile. A US physician, involved in the nucleoside research offered to provide treatment, and Charlie’s parents raised funds for him to travel to the US.
However, doctors at GOSH were not happy with Charlie being transferred overseas for treatment. They applied to the Family Division of the High Court on 28th February for permission to withdraw life support and to provide palliative care. Charlie’s parents opposed this plan. On the 11th April, Justice Francis ruled in favour of the hospital. Charlie’s family appealed, and the decision was reviewed (and upheld) in the Court of Appeal (23rd May), Supreme Court (8 June) and European Court of Human Rights (20 June)
Appeals. At that stage, all avenues of legal appeal had been exhausted, and plans were made to withdraw medical treatment.
Following widespread public and media attention, including statements of support by President Trump and Pope Francis, a number of international medical and scientific experts came forward offering treatment and presenting apparently new evidence allegedly increasing the chance of benefit from nucleoside treatment. On the 10th July, Great Ormond Street Hospital elected to bring this evidence back to the high court. The court arranged for the US mitochondrial specialist to review Charlie in London. Following a multi-disciplinary meeting and new evidence of the severity of Charlie’s illness including the results of a full body MRI, on 24th July his parents accepted that further treatment could not help him and withdrew their application to the court.

 

Box 2: Some of the key factual and ethical questions arising from the Charlie Gard case

Factual questions
·      What was Charlie’s level of awareness/cognition?
·      How much did he experience pain/suffer from intensive care?
·      Can suffering from intensive care be alleviated completely/partly by sedation/analgesia
·      What was the chance of improvement in Charlie’s encephalopathy or myopathy?
·      How long would treatment need to be provided to determine if he has any improvement?
·      What is the best function that he could achieve with treatment?
·      Could he be ventilator independent with treatment?
·      How long could he live with continued life-sustaining treatment?

Ethical questions:
What is the right thing to do?
·      Would it be in Charlie’s best interests to receive continued intensive care and nucleoside treatment?
·      Would life for Charlie in his impaired state be a life worth living?
Should we judge this based on subjective or objective accounts of wellbeing?
·      In the best-case scenario (with maximum realistic improvement from nucleoside treatment) would his life be worth living?
·      Should the interests of parents be taken into account?
·      Should treatment be denied on the basis of limited public healthcare resources? (When?)

How should decisions be made?
·      When should parents requests for medical treatment be overruled?
·      Should parents be permitted to consent to untested or extremely uncertain experimental treatment if a child would certainly die without it?
·      What constitutes “significant harm” to justify overruling parents?
·      If parents are able to pay for treatment, should that change the permissibility of continuing/providing treatment?
·      How should decisions about allocation of resources be made for individual patients?
·      How should diverging views about medical facts be taken into account?
·      Does it matter if those diverging views come from health professionals in different countries?
·      How should diverging views about normative issues (eg life worth living, parental rights) be taken into account?
·      Should parents be free to take their child overseas for medical treatment unavailable in their home country?
·      Should decisions be made through the courts, or in some extra-judicial process?

 

 

 

 

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  2. Savulescu J. Is it in Charlie Gard’s best interest to die? Lancet 2017;389(10082):1868-69. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31204-7
  3. Wilkinson D. Burke, Briggs and Wills: Why we should not fear the judgment in Charlie Gard: Practical Ethics blog; 2017 [updated 15/7/2017. Available from: https://blog.practicalethics.ox.ac.uk/2017/07/burke-briggs-and-wills-why-we-should-not-fear-the-judgment-in-charlie-gard/.
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  6. Nair T, Savulescu J, Everett J, et al. Settling for second best: when should doctors agree to parental demands for suboptimal medical treatment? J Med Ethics 2017;(forthcoming)
  7. Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children. Latest statement on Charlie Gard 2017 [updated 13/7/17. Available from: http://www.gosh.nhs.uk/file/23611/download?token=aTPZchww.
  8. Savulescu J. Harm, ethics committees and the gene therapy death. J Med Ethics 2001;27(3):148-50.
  9. Savulescu J. The moral of the case of Charlie Gard – give dying patients experimental treatment…early.: Practical Ethics blog; 2017 [updated 5/7/17. Available from: https://blog.practicalethics.ox.ac.uk/2017/07/the-moral-of-the-case-of-charlie-gard-give-dying-patients-experimental-treatment-early/.
  10. Truog RD. The United Kingdom Sets Limits on Experimental Treatments: The Case of Charlie Gard. JAMA 2017 doi: 10.1001/jama.2017.10410
  11. Camosy C. Too expensive to treat? Finitude, tragedy and the neonatal ICU. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans 2010.
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  22. Garone C, Garcia-Diaz B, Emmanuele V, et al. Deoxypyrimidine monophosphate bypass therapy for thymidine kinase 2 deficiency. EMBO Mol Med 2014;6(8):1016-27. doi: 10.15252/emmm.201404092
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16 Comment on this post

  1. “Ethics is not about personal opinion – but about argument, reasons, and rational reflection.”

    Ethics is also about more than trite talk about “obligations” and “duties”, and more than a method of reflective equilibrium meant to bring “our intuitions” into agreement (conveniently, with whatever “the experts” believe to be the case bearing as much or more on the ties that bind a family).

    A more plausible case for a truly ethical consideration of these issues would need to range more widely than narrow concerns with normative judgements about “the right” thing to do. Until we can get some talk of wisdom, of family and friendship, and other virtues into this ethical story, until we can do more than offer trite hand-wringing that is truly the latest brand of managerialist social engineering masquerading as “morality”, there’s no point in bringing talk of rational reflection into this.

    There’ s more going on here than mere moral disagreement. The conceptual landscape in which these problems are problems, and questions are questions, is itself in dispute. Forthwith:

    Parents shouldn’t be allowed to make decisions that carry a significant risk of serious harm to a child. That includes refusing treatments of likely benefit for a child, or demanding treatments that impose a significant burden without benefit. The challenge, of course, and here there needs to be much more work, is in defining what constitutes a sufficient level or chance of harm to justify overruling parents.6 Charlie would potentially undergo some months of pain and discomfort from continued intensive care,1, however, the doctors at Great Ormond St felt for some time that his neurological damage was so great that he was “beyond experience”.

    I know what harm is when I stand on a nail by accident, or when I read in the news about a mugger stabbing an anonymous stranger.

    I don’t know what harm is when philosophers and doctors employ it in contexts like this, with the implication being that we can somehow quantify harm-units and then bring that into “reflective equilibrium”.

    I’m not only convinced this is a woefully inadequate and inappropriate method; I’m also convinced that nobody in these debates has the first idea of what “harm” could mean in this kind of technical context, nor why this ought to be more than a distracting side-issue against the genuinely relevant ethical matters. This isn’t a matter of needing more thinking or more empirical data. It’s a symptom that the concepts themselves are confused.

    Much the same goes for risk. On what basis does any doctor have more than the foggiest idea about what is risky in a borderline case like Charlie Gard’s?

    And not only are our experts well enough versed to answer these questions without breaking a sweat, they’re also qualified to judge who is and isn’t beyond the possibility of experience.

    Bugger the philosophy curriculum, it turns out that the medical schools had all these problems figured out the whole time.

    1. Elizabeth Spencer

      “Not buying it”- You have hit the nail on the head, I couldn’t have worded it better!

    2. Strongly agree. On the facts, there is no awareness that the American ‘expert’ whose treatment was not explored, may never have been other than a self-proclaimed specialist. I quote, because the hospital has been scourged for not considering the treatment worth pursuing:
      “The hospital statement contains two particularly devastating passages. The first leaves the reputation of Professor Hirano in shreds.
      “Professor Hirano (“the Professor”), whose laboratory research has an international reputation, is very well known to the experts at GOSH and he communicated with them about NBT treatment for Charlie at the very end of December. In January, GOSH invited the Professor to come and see Charlie. That invitation remained open at all times but was not taken up until 18 July after being extended, once again, this time by the Court.
      “When the hospital was informed that the Professor had new laboratory findings causing him to believe NBT would be more beneficial to Charlie than he had previously opined, GOSH’s hope for Charlie and his parents was that that optimism would be confirmed.”
      That claim of new research evidence was why the parents returned to court and re-opened the case. The judge said he was eager to hear of this new evidence and hoped it would enable him to reverse his previous ruling. The GOSH statement, however, continues:
      “It was, therefore, with increasing surprise and disappointment that the hospital listened to the Professor’s fresh evidence to the Court. On 13 July he stated that not only had he not visited the hospital to examine Charlie but in addition, he had not read Charlie’s contemporaneous medical records or viewed Charlie’s brain imaging or read all of the second opinions about Charlie’s condition (obtained from experts all of whom had taken the opportunity to examine him and consider his records) or even read the Judge’s decision made on 11 April.”

  2. No one seems to have considered the impact on the lives of the parents particularly the mother who would have to look after a child 24/7 with no real hope that a brain damaged child would ever be a real person. One wonders whether it was the father who initiated all the efforts to keep the child alive.

  3. I fully agree that there is a risk that humility is abandoned as parties in a court case, through their legal representatives, undergo an adversarial process, in which each is intent on demonstrating that they are ‘right’ and where the legal representatives are intent on ‘winning’. In this particular case, I think it was regrettable that the medical team took the legal route. In the case of this child, the concepts of ‘risk’ and ‘harm’ are so problematic that wisdom might have allowed the decision of the parents to prevail. If the child were truly ‘beyond experience’, then it is difficult to argue that he would experience harm. I think there is a possiblitiy that the medical team became entangled in a defence of their professional opinion, supported by a hospital with a reputation to maintain.

    1. Elizabeth Spencer

      I concur that the defence team became entangled in defence of their professional opinion, and the hospital to maintain their reputation.

      GOSH and its bosses are in a position of authority because of their reputation and their power to completely squash the parents and are punishing them for their temerity to question GOSH’s professional suggestions ( in this case professional orders, as the parents nor any other expert medical professionals’ view seems to matter at all).

      Since this is a high profile public case, democracy will demand changes and what ” the best interests” of a child in a vegetative state entails, who had a slim chance at recovery, and whose parents are treated so brutally, who is marked to die but isn’t given the choice to die in his home peacefully, but will be forced to die against his parents wishes surrounded by doctors who are strangers.

      GOSH has over-stepped their authority in Charlie Gard’s case. And history will remember this as the case where the judges, the doctors and members of the public snatched a child away from his parents, his helpless mother, to kill him brutally in a clinical setting while arguing it is in his best interests, while the whole nation looked on and debated justifications as to why it is the right thing to do, while their conscience somewhere told them it was inherently wrong and that it is ‘Wrong ethically” in so many levels. It is not about who knows best, but about how wrong this is.

      It is the same as how Hitler justified killing all the Jews, and the soldiers and the public justified every bit of it with their own justifications and just followed orders. This is a child’s holocaust. Holocaust of Christian values, British values and human values. It is the holocaust of innocents ( Charlie Gard and children like him and their families). If we don’t question these decisions made by the law , our children would call our generation a generation who killed children in front of the whole world in a macabre show of power, while their parents looked on and sobbed helplessly!

      1. This is a complex case with ‘faults’ on all sides. GOSH did not present their position properly, “the Professor” lacked any sense of urgency and Charlie’s parents seemed incapable of understanding that may not have complete control over their baby’s treatment and care. In this particular case, it could be argued that GOSH and the courts should have given them more control (more not total). However, to suggest that this is ‘the same as how Hitler justified killing all the Jews…’ is utterly absurd and deeply offensive. Before you make such an inflammatory statement you should attempt to engage in the ethical discourse in order to understand the ethics.

  4. Your response and advice — actually your dictates — reflect and confirm the arrogance and hard-hartedness of medical professionals not only in England, but also here in the United States. The health care decisions for Charlie Gard properly belonged to his parents, not to a judge or some medical professionals and their “opinions”. Please see the Declaration of Independence of the US — “all men are created equal … they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights and that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness”. Charlie Gard was condemned to death, not by his “CREATOR”, but by a judge in collaboration with doctors, without even having been accused of a crime, much less having been convicted of a capital crime. I have experienced the arrogance, selfishness, power hunginess, lack of caring, and downright meanness of the medical profession including soctors, nurses and therapists who will do anything to impose their will on disabled individuals, including outright lying and inappropriate care provision to cause the disabled harm and even death.
    What we need id the legal ability to convict all doctors for these attitudes, removing the doctors’ power, and having the doctors experience the torture and deprivations they inflict upon their “patients”. Most doctors that I have encountered in the past 25+ years (yes there have been a few exceptions, but very few) appear to believe that they are God — the Crreator of the Universe — and anyone who dares to disagree with them is obviously subhuman and must be punished severely. Apparently you also believe this.

  5. Charlie gard parents were patently medically unqualified and discounting the hysterics-the general opinion was that these parents were panhandlers basking in a reflected spotlight-by the way were these parents given leave of absence from their employment and if so who paid their wages?

  6. I have attempted to read all your posts on the Charlie Gard situation and have struggled with some of the language and concepts used. I have some understanding of medical ethics as I was a nurse for over 20 yrs, much of that time spent in adult ITU.

    I have taken a great interest in the Charlie Gard story, mainly because I have a rare disease myself and because the issues involved were very real for me throughout my working life. I have been involved in theses types of decisions countless times, it’s heartbreaking. Staff become attached to patients and build relationships with relatives, these decisions are never made lightly. Towards the end of my ITU career I found myself questioning what I was doing, in many ways quantity of life was being prioritised over quality and the goal was to discharge the patient from ITU.

    What really concerns me about the Charlie Gard case is the treatment of the staff at GOSH, from the vile reviews on the GOSH Facebook page calling the staff murderers, nazis and the like, to the utter bile evidenced on the Charlie’s Army Facebook page. Staff have been sent death threats ( after their e mail adresses were published ), accosted on the street and have been under siege. It seems to me very few people have taken the time to read the court transcripts and understand the decisions made. It would have been very easy for GOSH to have said take him to the USA if only to be free of the situation.

    I suspect that the GOSH staff are highly traumatised by the whole experience and fear a repeat of this with another patient. Due to patient confidentiality they are very limited to what they can say in their defence whilst the parents and supporters leaked medical details on a whim and were economical with the truth. The MRI results are a case in point, there was no cover up, the MI’s were part of the court record, the brain damage was evidenced on the EEG’s, the results of which were never mentioned by the parents.

    As far as I am aware there is a shortage of paediatricians and nurses with ITU experience, why would anyone do this job and be subject to this sort of vitriol? These sorts of decisions are made up and down the country every day in ITU’s, a small number end up in court and are thankfully heard in private. I hope that there is not now a flood of such cases heard in public with the subsequent hijacking by far right pro life groups and social media campaigns. My fear is if that happens why would any health professional want to work in paediatric ITU and be subject to that sort of abuse?

    1. Dominic Wilkinson

      thanks for your interest Lynn, and well done on reading all the blogs.
      I agree that it would have been much much easier for Great Ormond St to have just given in to the family’s request for treatment. It is a striking sign of just how wrong they felt it to be to continue treatment that they decided, instead, to take this case to court.
      You are right to be concerned about the potential impact on ITU nurses and doctors. Of course, providing treatment (that is felt to be harmful and of no net benefit) also has a very significant negative impact on staff morale, burnout and retention.

  7. Thank you Dominic. Practical ethics for me are the hard decisions that we take every day at the bedside when we can actually see the patient in front of us and understand the realities of ventilation and highly invasive care. It definitely gives a different view point from an academic discussion with no patient contact, of course both have value!

    I am intrigued by your suggestion of case review to solve these types of dispute, I think the one thing that all can agree on is there has to be a better way than using the court system.

  8. Elizabeth Spencer

    Charlie Gard suffocated for twelve minutes before he died! Twelve minutes he fought for his “right to live”. GOSH should have let the baby go with his parents if ultimately death was what was in store for him. GOSH’s arguements that they didn’t want the baby to suffer was for arguements sake and not exercised in reality. 12 minutes is a very long time to suffer for a baby who was suffocating silently in a helpless vegetative state, without being able to ask or scream for help! It is disgraceful that his parents had to stand by witnessing their baby’s agonising death , knowing they were forced to accept defeat it. When death happens naturally there is an acceptance, but when death is forced on someone , anyone, by the state or anyone in authority, it becomes unacceptable, especially when it is that of an innocent baby. It is sad his parents rights were stripped off.

  9. The long and short of it, Charlie should have been used as a test case in order to help the greater good. He was going to die without help thus was a perfect test bed for the treatment. If it works, it works GREAT we have some clinical data…if it doesn’t…he dies…we get clinical data and the outcome does not change. So what the doctors should have done, provided that the cost could be provided for was to allow the treatment so we can run tests on the child. While not great for the individual it may help the masses. After all, as a species that is our goal…keep the species alive.

    What the parents should have done was let the child die in the most humane way possible.

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